Features of a Healthy Individual

Features of a Healthy Individual Part A is Read the Nutrition and Diet science box (provided in the attachment, page 21) summarize the main points in your own words (approximately 100 words). Part A The healthy diet can be subdivided into different functional components. There are those that comprise the major elements vital for the respiratory processes, such as carbohydrates and fats, and the proteins which are largely responsible for physical bodily maintenance. Carbohydrates provide the major energy elements with simple carbohydrates being easily assimilated into the blood stream and thereby into the respiratory pathway of the cell, and the complex carbohydrates being more resistant to digestive processes and thereby providing a longer term energy substrate. Fats also provide energy with unsaturated fats being a more healthy option than saturated ones. Vitamins and minerals are required in milligram quantities and facilitate vital specific metabolic processes in the body. Vitamins are categorised into water and fat soluble varieties Part B is using examples from Chapter 3, (provided in the attachment chapter 3 is on page 35) describe some psychological factors that are influences on the health of the individual (approximately 600 words.) Part B The health of an individual is the sum total of many disparate processes. Some of these processes can be influenced by the behaviour of the individual and this, in turn, is capable of being determined or modified by the beliefs, emotions and cognitive state of the individual as well as the environment. (Finlay L et al. 2005). Other factors are largely immutable such as the individual’s genetic make up which is determined at birth and despite recent advances in the field of gene therapy, is largely unchangeable. Personal choices are subject to many internal and external factors. If one considers alcohol as an illustrative example then clearly the level of alcohol intake of an individual is ultimately a matter of personal choice, but this can be influenced by belief systems which, in turn, can be modified by social pressures and other factors in the environment. Belief systems can be overridden or modified by compulsion or craving. A person may find that they drink alcohol when under social pressure such as being in a group when everyone else is drinking, but equally may not drink when they are alone. Alcohol has the added complicating effect that it directly affects a person’s state of mind (and therefore actions) in a variety of complex ways. It initially disinhibits a person but then, in higher doses, causes confusion and suppression of higher mental functions. Factors that were relevant in a sober state are not necessarily valid when significant amounts of alcohol have been drunk. A person may have the knowledge and belief that two drinks in an evening are sufficient for their perceived needs, but when they have had those two drinks, factors such as social pressure, a desire for tension release or relaxation, or perhaps a reduction of inhibitory thoughts, may culminate in an increased desire for more alcohol. This can be a vicious circle to the point where the toxic effects of alcohol become apparent . (Cheng A T A et al. 2004) There is a large body of evidence which details the effects of the misuse of alcohol on the body. Heart, liver and neurological problems are the commonest sequelae. The development of such complications may prove to be an additional factor in a person’s decision to change their lifestyle. The development of obvious heart or liver disease, which impacts on an individual’s quality of life, may prove to be a catalyst in modifying their drinking habits. Some individuals may have an â€Å"addictive personality†. While there is controversy about the actual definition of this trait, there seems little doubt that it exists. Such â€Å"addictive† people are far more likely to overindulge or persist in habitual or obsessive patterns of behaviour and drinking alcohol is an area where such patterns have been identified and observed. (Echeburua E et al. 2005) Genetic factors have been implicated (but not proved) in this addictive personality. Genetic factors have also been positively implicated in the variation of effect that alcohol has on the body. Some people appear to have greater tolerance to the effects of alcohol than others. This, in part, is due to genetically determined variations in the ability of their bodies to metabolise alcohol. (Wall T et al. 2003) These are some of psychological factors which seem to be generally accepted as being relevant in considerations of alcohol. There are clearly a great many other elements, as demonstrable risk factors include a higher risk of habituation in adolescents and adult men, particularly those with a family history of alcohol addiction, unemployment, marital problems, lower educational level certain ethnicities and cultural attachments. The exact causes of these associations is not clear and is likely to be a complex interaction of many factors, but most authorities agree that psychological factors are amongst the strongest influences on the desire to take alcohol. (Hawkins J D et al. 1997) References Cheng A T A, Gau S F, Chen T H H, Chang J C, Chang Y T (2004) A 4-Year Longitudinal Study on Risk Factors for Alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry, February 1, 2004; 61( 2): 184 191. Echeburua E, Bravo De Medinar R, Aizpiri E (2005) ALCOHOLISM AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2005 40 (4): 323 326 Finlay, L., Pearson, C. and Ram S. (2005) Understanding health, Milton Keynes, The Open University Hawkins J D, Graham J W, Maguin E, Abbott R, Hill K G, Catalano R F. (1997) Exploring the effects of age of alcohol use initiation and psychosocial risk factors on subsequent alcohol misuse. J Stud Alcohol. 1997; 58 : 280 290 Jung J (2001) The Psychology of Alcohol and Other Drugs. A Research Perspective. Alcohol and Alcoholism Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 98 99, 2003 Wall T L, Carr L G, Ehlers C L (2003) Protective Association of Genetic Variation in Alcohol Dehydrogenase With Alcohol Dependence. Am J Psychiatry 160 : 41 46, January 2003 ############################################################## 26.9.08 Word count 1,023 PDG

Management Control Systems at Reliance Industries Limited Essay

Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) is world’s leading and India’s no: 1 Private Ltd. Company. RIL group is a highly diversified group and is in to multiproduct business like oil / gas exploration, retail of petro / consumer products and mfg. of petrochemical / refining and textile products. Also, in to infrastructure and transportation sectors. he Reliance Group, founded by Dhirubhai H. Ambani (1932-2002), is India’s largest private sector enterprise, with businesses in the energy and materials value chain. Group’s annual revenues are in excess of US$ 44 billion. The flagship company, Reliance Industries Limited, is a Fortune Global 500 company and is the largest private sector company in India. Backward vertical integration has been the cornerstone of the evolution and growth of Reliance. Starting with textiles in the late seventies, Reliance pursued a strategy of backward vertical integration – in polyester, fibre intermediates, plastics, petrochemicals, petroleum refining and oil and gas exploration and production – to be fully integrated along the materials and energy value chain. The Group’s activities span exploration and production of oil and gas, petroleum refining and marketing, petrochemicals (polyester, fibre intermediates, plastics and chemicals), textiles, retail and special economic zones. Reliance enjoys global leadership in its businesses, being the largest polyester yarn and fibre producer in the world and among the top five to ten producers in the world in major petrochemical products. Major Group Companies are Reliance Industries Limited (including main subsidiary Reliance Retail Limited) and Reliance Industrial Infrastructure Limited  Organizational Structure of Reliance Figure [ 1 ] Reliance Major Subsidiaries * Reliance Petroleum Limited (RPL) was a subsidiary of Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) and was created to exploit the emerging opportunities, creating value in the refining sector worldwide. Currently, RPL stands amalgamated with RIL. [7] * Reliance Life Sciences is a research-driven, biotechnology-led, life sciences organization that participates in medical, plant and industrial biotechnology opportunities. Specifically, these relate to Biopharmaceuticals, Pharmaceuticals, Clinical Research Services, Regenerative Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Novel Therapeutics, Biofuels, Plant Biotechnology and Industrial Biotechnology. [8] * Reliance Industrial Infrastructure Limited (RIIL) is engaged in the business of setting up / operating Industrial Infrastructure that also involves leasing and providing services connected with computer software and data processing. 9] * Reliance Logistics (P) Limited is a single window solutions provider for transportation, distribution, warehousing, logistics, and supply chain needs, supported by in house state of art telematics and telemetry solutions. [11] * Reliance Clinical Research Services (RCRS), a contract research organization (CRO) and wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Life Sciences, has been set up to provide clinical research services to pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device companies. As far as Board structure of RIL is concerned there are 8 Non executive directors and four executive directors, hence RIL is strictly following suggestions given by Kumar mangalam Birla committee regarding corporate governance. Figure [ 2 ] Reliance Board Structure Figure [ 3 ] Reliance Reporting Hierarchy Functional structure Employees within the functional divisions of an organization tend to perform a specialized set of tasks, for instance the engineering department would be staffed only with production engineers. This leads to operational efficiencies within that group. However it could also lead to a lack of communication between the functional groups within an organization, making the organization slow and inflexible. As a whole, a functional organization is best suited as a producer of standardized goods and services at large volume and low cost. Coordination and specialization of tasks are centralized in a functional structure, which makes producing a limited amount of products or services efficient and predictable. Moreover, efficiencies can further be realized as functional organizations integrate their activities vertically so that products are sold and distributed quickly and at low cost. For instance, a small business could start making the components it requires for production of its products instead of procuring it from an external organization. But not only beneficial for organization but also for employees faiths. Hence Reliance is Having Highest Operational efficiency as compared to competitors. Management Style And Culture At Reliance Industries Limited Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) has emerged as India’s largest private-sector enterprise and carved out a distinct place for itself in global Fortune 500 companies. Reliance’s business success and competitive position reflect the leadership provided by its founder, Mr.  Dhirubhai Ambani who said, â€Å"Growth has no limit at Reliance. I keep revising my vision. Only when you dream it do you get it. † The leadership system defined by Ambani is based on value creation towards both its customers and stakeholders. The same vision has been taken up and forwarded by his son Mr. Mukesh Ambani, current Chairman and Managing Director of RIL. Reliance believes that any business conduct can be ethical only when it rests on the nine core values of Honesty, Integrity, Respect, Fairness, Purposefulness, Trust, Responsibility, Citizenship and Caring. The existence of the culture in RIL is driven towards achievement of excellence in systems, processes, technology and people and also toward the fulfillment of their corporate vision i. e. â€Å"To become a globally competitive enterprise, driven by the market, creating and maintaining a lead over competition through quality products and establishing itself to be the preferred supplier of its customers. † With the vertical integration of chain from refinery to textiles, RIL has unique fully integrated structure. Basically it is a process centric organization that maximized synergies across all interfaces, leverage core competencies of various disciplines to maximize value from current assets and create growth opportunities while allowing people to develop and contribute to their full capabilities. When we talk about the organization culture, specifically RIL focuses on high performance work culture which fosters innovation, entrepreneurship, inclusiveness, teamwork and continuous improvements. Among all RIL basically focuses on innovation and has a innovative council for promoting the same. The company believes hat it is the innovation in thinking and execution that has made RIL reach where it is today. The firm belief of innovation being the differentiator for future and the source of competitive advantage shows the importance that is given to it. RIL in the early 1990s did suffer from low employee participation in improvement activities and low customer satisfaction. The introduction of various quality improvement tools in the facilities like the Total Quality Management( TQM), Kaizen Activities and customer focus approach led to the improvement in quality, productivity improvement and customer satisfaction in the organization. RIL realizing the importance of human and intellectual capital for business success, has given more importance to the use of its human potential and the creation of Learning organization to help in continued success in future. RIL in its importance to the health and safety also has also initiated Safety, Health and Workplace Environment Program (CASHe) – which is an initiative to promote healthy workplace and reducing health and safety risk has been instrumental in creating a culture of implementing health, safety and environment project on a priority basis. This program has also been able to improve the performance of the company on the occupational health and safety front. The Health and Safety Principles that were put forward in this regards to articulate the stakeholders expectation along with the existing values of the company underpin both the corporate culture and cooperation across the company. The growing importance of Corporate Governance by RIL shows its priority towards a transparent and accountable organization thus being able to meet the needs of all the concerned stakeholders. The publication of annual corporate governance report is one important aspect showing its growing inclination towards it and its aim to have fair and equitable treatment of its employees, shareholders, customers and investors. They aim to provide timely and balanced disclosure of all material information concerned towards stakeholders. Moreover they aim to have a sound system of risk management and internal control. The existence of code for board of directors and board committees, code of business conduct and ethics for director/management personnel signifies the existence of the culture driving the whole organization towards effective corporate governance. RIL has a long and strong tradition of supporting the larger communities that it connects with – from education, health, drinking water, large-scale development of employable skills, to assistance during natural calamities such as earthquakes and cyclones. The Reliance Foundation would address social development imperatives of India, specifically quality, formal and vocational education, affordable high-quality health care, meaningful rural development and urban renewal, and protection and promotion of India’s priceless heritage of arts and culture. Management in simple words are characteristic ways of making decisions and relating to subordinates. Different management styles and employed by different organizations depending on the prevailing culture, the nature of the business, the nature of the task and the personality and skills of the leaders. RIL is an organization which is operation in multiple facets. They have multiple manufacturing facilities at multiple locations where by dealing in different product ranges. The supreme authority of the company is Board of Directors. But they have given much more independence to the individual units at different level to take decisions at their level. There is a good mix of corporate level strategy (taking RIL as a whole which is set up by the BOD) as well as appropriate business level and operational strategies at each segment as well as business units to accomplish the corporate level strategy. Every unit which is a part of RIL has its own hierarchy, headed by the CEO or the President, but a more of a democratic style of leadership is seen. Since they promote innovation and value their human capital they promote participative environment at different levels of management to be able to make a better and informed decision. Empowering the employees in RIL is relevant. However the level of decisions and intensity of problems are defined whereby decisions can be taken at particular level of management. Management Control Systems Internal Controls RIL has a comprehensive system of internal controls to safeguard the Company’s assets against loss from unauthorised use and ensure proper authorisation of financial transactions. The Company has an exhaustive budgetary control system to monitor all expenditures against approved budgets on an ongoing basis. The Company’s accounting process is based on uniform accounting guideline that sets out accounting policies and significant processes and deadlines on a company wide basis. There are inding directives for internal reconciliations and other accounting operations. The Company maintains a system of internal controls designed to provide a high degree of assurance regarding the effectiveness and efficiency of operations, the reliability of financial controls, and compliance with laws and regulations. RIL has well established policy towards maintaining the highest standards of health, safety and environmental norms while maintaining operational integrity. This policy is strictly adhered to all RIL manufacturing facilities. The Company has an internal audit function, which is empowered to examine the adequacy and compliance with policies, plans and statutory requirements. It is also responsible for assessing and improving the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance process. The management duly considers and takes appropriate action on the recommendations made by the statutory auditors, internal auditors and the independent Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. Internal Checks and Balances.

The Great Gatsby American Dream Essay

If you are looking for a way to kill the American Dream, you should call a man named Jay Gatsby of West Egg, Long Island, New York. I think he's found it. Jay Gatsby is a wealthy man who lives in one of the  ¨Eggs ¨ in New York. Jay Gatsby's real name is James Gatz, and was originally born in North Dakota on a farm. While he was a young boy he had always thought that he was meant to become something more than a farmer from North Dakota. Because of this he leaves his home and meets a man named Dan Cody.They meet while he is working on the beach of Lake Superior he see's a yacht and warned them about a storm that was coming. Dan cody was grateful and hired James Gatz to work for him. Dan Cody asked James Gatz what was his name and at that moment James Gatz became Jay Gatsby. While Jay was working for Dan Cody he figured out how to act rich. Dan Cody dies and tries to leave Gatsby $25,000, but Cody’s mistress prevented him from claiming his inheritance. Then Gatsby dedicated himself to become a wealthy man.Gatsby joins the Army and does his training in Louisville, Kentucky and meets a girl named Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby and Daisy end up falling in love and then Gatsby is shipped off to the war. When Gatsby comes back from the war 5 years later he finds out that Daisy is married to another man. Gatsby becomes very wealthy and moves across from Daisy just to be close to her. Gatsby never intended to leave her for so long and always regrets it. Because of this Gatsbys main dream is to marry Daisy, also part of this dream is that Daisy has to tell her husband Tom that she never loved him.After Daisy tells Tom that she never loved him both Gatsby and Daisy can move back to louisville and live out their past together. Gatsbys main driving force to get this dream is so that he and daisy can live in the past again and forget all of the bad things that happened to them in the that they were away from each other. Gatsby has many qualities that could make this dream a reality. For example, when Gatsby was with dan Cody he learned how to play the part of a rich man, because of this he can go to social events to get closer to Daisy.Another example is the amount of hope that Gatsby has when it is about him and Daisy being together, he never gives up on her and never lets go. But these qualities don't help him too much because Gatsby fails to get Daisy. He failed because Gatsby,Daisy,Daisy's husband Tom, and their friends Nick and Jordan was at the Plaza hotel, then Gatsby and Tom fought for who was going to take Daisy. Soon Tom started to bring up facts about Gatsby being involved in illegal activities. Daisy did not like that Gatsby was into these illegal activities so she leaves and Gatsby goes with her.on their way home Daisy is driving Gatsbys car and in her fury she hit and killed a lady and never stops. As a result Tom told the lady's husband that Gatsby hit his wife. So the lady's husband went to Gatsby house and he shot Gatsby while he wa s swimming in his pool, then the lady's husband choose to commit suicide. Gatsby died as a man whose dream was to be with the love of his life but came short and died for her. There is always a chance that your dream could never happen so don't be disappointed if it does not. The Great Gatsby American Dream Essay If you are looking for a way to kill the American Dream, you should call a man named Jay Gatsby of West Egg, Long Island, New York. I think he's found it. Jay Gatsby is a wealthy man who lives in one of the â€Å"Eggs† in New York. Jay Gatsby's real name is James Gatz, and was originally born in North Dakota on a farm. While he was a young boy he had always thought that he was meant to become something more than a farmer from North Dakota. Because of this he leaves his home and meets a man named Dan Cody.They meet while he is working on the beach of Lake Superior he see's a yacht and warned them about a storm that was coming. Dan cody was grateful and hired James Gatz to work for him. Dan Cody asked James Gatz what was his name and at that moment James Gatz became Jay Gatsby. While Jay was working for Dan Cody he figured out how to act rich. Dan Cody dies and tries to leave Gatsby $25,000, but Cody’s mistress prevented him from claiming his inheritance. Then Gatsby dedi cated himself to become a wealthy man.Gatsby joins the Army and does his training in Louisville, Kentucky and meets a girl named Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby and Daisy end up falling in love and then Gatsby is shipped off to the war. When Gatsby comes back from the war 5 years later he finds out that Daisy is married to another man. Gatsby becomes very wealthy and moves across from Daisy just to be close to her. Gatsby never intended to leave her for so long and always regrets it. Because of this Gatsbys main dream is to marry Daisy, also part of this dream is that Daisy has to tell her husband Tom that she never loved him.After Daisy tells Tom that she never loved him both Gatsby and Daisy can move back to louisville and live out their past together. Gatsbys main driving force to get this dream is so that he and daisy can live in the past again and forget all of the bad things that happened to them in the that they were away from each other. Gatsby has many qualities that could make this dream a reality. For example, when Gatsby was with dan Cody he learned how to play the part of a rich man, because of this he can go to social events to get closer to Daisy.Another example is the amount of hope that Gatsby has when it is about him and Daisy being together, he never gives up on her and never lets go. But these qualities don't help him too much because Gatsby fails to get Daisy. He failed because Gatsby,Daisy,Daisy's husband Tom, and their friends Nick and Jordan was at the Plaza hotel, then Gatsby and Tom fought for who was going to take Daisy. Soon Tom started to bring up facts about Gatsby being involved in illegal activities. Daisy did not like that Gatsby was into these illegal activities so she leaves and Gatsby goes with her.On their way home Daisy is driving Gatsbys car and in her fury she hit and killed a lady and never stops. As a result Tom told the lady's husband that Gatsby hit his wife. So the lady's husband went to Gatsby house and he shot Gatsby while he was swimming in his pool, then the lady's husband choose to commit suicide. Gatsby died as a man whose dream was to be with the love of his life but came short and died for her. There is always a chance that your dream could never happen so don't be disappointed if it does not.

Analysis Of Friedman s Capitalism And Freedom

Econ 160 Term Paper Part 1 As Milton Friedman once said, â€Å"Freedom is a rare and delicate plant. Our minds tell us and history confirms that the great threat to freedom is the concentration of power. Government is necessary to preserve our freedom, it is an instrument through which we can exercise our freedom; yet by concentrating power and political hands, it is also a threat to freedom.† Friedman’s â€Å"Capitalism and Freedom† takes us into the mind of an economic genius and shows us his beliefs in a free market and the threat it presents to a dictatorship. Friedman, clearly a supporter of the free market, gives examples to show how a free market can aid a society in striving for success, becoming more dominant, and becoming more powerful. Though, at times he does show how a free market has disadvantages and he makes us aware as to how it can aid people in gaining individualism, knowledge, and overall improving a society. A free market is one that the pric e of a good or service is determined by supply and demand, in theory, rather than by government regulation. Milton’s thoughts and theory is that through a robust free market with political freedom, economic freedom will follow. Showing how economic freedom is a crucial toward the success of political freedom, Friedman’s theory of a free market and the Do Nothing Principle are major themes throughout his book. A dictatorship is a form of government ruled by a single party or a single party of dictators. In this form ofShow MoreRelatedMilton Friedman and His Contribution For The Economic Field Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesproductive uses. The minimal government advocacy of an ‘’unregulated free market’’ is founded on an ‘’assumption about individuals being rational, self-interested and methodical in the pursuit of their goals. Adam Smith was not an advocate of pure capitalism. Adam Smith allowed for many exceptions to a strictly free-market economy. 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